Used in targeted drug delivery systems due to their uniform size and magnetic responsiveness, enabling precise control and release of therapeutic agents under external magnetic fields. Their surface-functionalized structure allows for easy attachment of biomolecules, making them suitable for bioseparation, enzyme immobilization, and diagnostic applications. Also employed in environmental remediation for selective adsorption and removal of heavy metals or organic pollutants from water, where magnetic recovery ensures minimal loss and high reusability. Commonly applied in lab-on-a-chip devices and automated immunoassays for rapid magnetic separation of analytes.