Used in targeted drug delivery systems due to their uniform size and magnetic responsiveness, enabling precise control and release of therapeutic agents under external magnetic fields. Their high surface area and functional groups allow efficient loading of drugs, proteins, or enzymes. Commonly applied in biomedical separation processes, such as isolation of DNA or specific cells from complex mixtures. Also utilized as carriers in immunoassays and biosensors for enhanced detection sensitivity. Their uniform structure ensures consistent performance in microfluidic devices and diagnostic platforms. Additionally, employed in environmental applications for removal of heavy metals or organic pollutants from water through magnetic separation after adsorption.