HEPES Lysis Buffer with NP-40 is widely used in molecular biology and biochemistry for cell lysis and protein extraction. Its application includes: - **Protein Extraction**: Efficiently disrupts cell membranes to release intracellular proteins while maintaining protein stability and function. - **Immunoprecipitation**: Commonly used as a lysis buffer to prepare cell extracts for immunoprecipitation assays, ensuring minimal interference with antibody-antigen interactions. - **Western Blotting**: Provides a suitable environment for extracting proteins for subsequent separation and detection in Western blotting experiments. - **Enzyme Activity Studies**: Preserves enzyme activity during extraction, making it ideal for studying enzymatic functions and kinetics. - **Subcellular Fractionation**: Helps isolate specific cellular components, such as organelles, for detailed analysis. - **Cell Signaling Studies**: Maintains the integrity of signaling molecules, making it useful for studying phosphorylation and other post-translational modifications. Its mild detergent properties and buffering capacity make it a versatile choice for various experimental protocols.