Sodium butyrate is widely used in biological and medical research due to its role as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. It influences gene expression by increasing histone acetylation, which can lead to cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in various cell types. This makes it valuable in studies related to cancer, particularly in exploring epigenetic therapies for tumors. In cell culture applications, sodium butyrate is added to enhance the production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cell lines, such as CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells, by improving gene expression and cell productivity. It is also studied for its anti-inflammatory properties, especially in models of gastrointestinal diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). As a short-chain fatty acid, it supports gut health by serving as an energy source for colonocytes and helping maintain intestinal barrier function. In animal feed, sodium butyrate is used as a growth promoter and to improve gut health in livestock, enhancing nutrient absorption and reducing pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract. Its ability to modulate immune responses and support epithelial integrity makes it useful in veterinary applications. Additionally, it has been investigated for potential benefits in metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes due to its regulatory effects on inflammation and cellular metabolism.