Used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in esterification and transesterification reactions. It offers high selectivity and efficiency under mild conditions, making it suitable for producing biodiesel and fine chemicals. Its low toxicity compared to other metal catalysts makes it favorable in environmentally friendly processes. Also employed in electroplating baths to deposit bismuth coatings as a lead-free alternative in electronics and surface finishing industries. Shows potential in pharmaceutical applications due to bismuth's gastrointestinal protective properties, where it acts as a source of bismuth ions in therapeutic formulations.