XE991 dihydrochloride is primarily used in research settings to study the function and modulation of potassium channels, particularly the Kv7 family (KCNQ channels). It acts as a potent and selective blocker of these channels, which are crucial for regulating neuronal excitability and cardiac activity. By inhibiting Kv7 channels, it helps researchers investigate their role in conditions like epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and cardiac arrhythmias. Additionally, it is used in electrophysiological studies to understand the mechanisms underlying membrane potential regulation and signal transduction in various cell types. Its application extends to exploring potential therapeutic targets for diseases associated with Kv7 channel dysfunction.