Used primarily in surface treatment of metals, especially aluminum and its alloys, to improve adhesion and corrosion resistance. Commonly applied in the preparation of metal surfaces for painting or coating by creating a stable fluoride conversion layer. Also utilized in the production of titanium-based catalysts and specialty fluorides. Plays a role in etching and cleaning operations within the semiconductor and electronics industries due to its ability to dissolve oxide layers. Its strong acidic and fluorinating properties make it effective in mineral processing and extraction of rare earth elements.