Used as a catalyst in selective oxidation reactions, particularly in the conversion of methanol to formaldehyde. It is also employed in electrochromic devices due to its ability to reversibly change optical properties upon ion insertion. Shows promise in sensor applications for detecting reducing gases at elevated temperatures. Investigated for use in lithium-ion batteries as a component in composite electrodes to enhance charge-discharge performance. Its antimicrobial properties make it suitable for coatings in medical devices and hygienic surfaces.