Used as a catalyst in hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation processes in the petrochemical industry to remove sulfur and nitrogen from crude oil and petroleum products, improving fuel quality and reducing emissions. Also applied in electrocatalysis for the hydrogen evolution reaction, solar cells, and energy storage materials due to its high conductivity, excellent electrical properties, and stability under harsh conditions. Shows potential in semiconductor applications and as a coating material for wear and corrosion resistance in industrial components.