Used in molecular biology and biochemistry to maintain stable pH during experiments, especially in DNA and RNA extraction, electrophoresis, and enzyme reactions. Its buffering capacity around pH 4.5–5.5 makes it ideal for processes requiring slightly acidic conditions. Commonly used in protein purification and chromatography to control ionic strength and pH. Also applied in the textile industry for dyeing processes and as a food additive to regulate acidity. In pharmaceuticals, it helps stabilize active ingredients in injectable formulations.