Widely used as a catalyst and acidifying agent in organic synthesis, especially in reactions requiring a strong, non-oxidizing acid. Commonly employed in electroplating baths for metals like tin, lead, and silver due to its excellent conductivity and stability. Serves as a proton source in esterification and polymerization processes. Used in pharmaceutical manufacturing for salt formation and purification steps. Also utilized in cleaning formulations for electronics and metal surfaces because it effectively removes oxides without damaging substrates. Its low toxicity and biodegradability make it favorable in environmentally friendly industrial applications.