Used primarily as a hole-transport material in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Its highly conjugated structure and strong electron-donating properties make it effective in improving device efficiency by facilitating the movement of positive charges. Also employed in perovskite solar cells as a key component in the hole-transport layer, contributing to enhanced stability and power conversion efficiency. Additionally, it serves as a redox mediator in dye-sensitized solar cells, helping to regenerate the dye and maintain continuous operation. Its thermal stability and solubility in common organic solvents support its use in solution-processed thin-film devices.