Used as a hole-transporting material in organic solar cells and perovskite solar cells due to its excellent thermal stability and good charge mobility. It helps improve device efficiency by facilitating the transport of positive charges from the active layer to the electrode. Also employed in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for enhancing hole injection and reducing energy barriers. Its amorphous nature allows for uniform thin-film formation, making it suitable for solution-processed optoelectronic devices.