Used as a key building block in the synthesis of advanced organic semiconductors and electron-transport materials for optoelectronic devices. Its rigid, conjugated structure combined with strong electron-withdrawing properties enhances charge carrier mobility in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and perovskite solar cells. Frequently employed in the development of n-type semiconducting polymers and small molecules due to its stability and ability to facilitate electron injection. Also applied in surface modification of metal oxides to improve interfacial properties in photovoltaic and electrochemical systems.