Used as an electrochromic material in smart windows and displays due to its ability to reversibly change color upon application of an electric voltage. It functions as a redox-active component in ionic liquids and electrochemical systems, enhancing charge transfer and stability. Also employed in photochemical cells and molecular electronics for its electron-accepting properties and structural rigidity. Shows potential in artificial photosynthesis systems as a photosensitizer support due to its stable dicationic structure under irradiation.