Used in targeted drug delivery systems due to their uniform size and magnetic responsiveness, enabling precise control and release of therapeutic agents under external magnetic fields. Their surface-functionalized structure allows for easy conjugation with biomolecules, making them suitable for bioseparation, immunoassays, and cancer therapy. Also applied in environmental remediation for selective adsorption and removal of heavy metal ions or organic pollutants from water. The porous nature and high surface area support efficient loading and controlled release in agricultural applications, such as slow-release fertilizers. Additionally, they serve as smart carriers in diagnostic imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement.