Rocilinostat is primarily used in cancer research, especially for hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma and lymphoma. It selectively inhibits histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), which plays a key role in protein degradation pathways and cell signaling. By targeting HDAC6, Rocilinostat disrupts the aggresome pathway, leading to accumulation of misfolded proteins and triggering cancer cell death, particularly when combined with proteasome inhibitors. Its selectivity reduces side effects commonly seen with broader HDAC inhibitors, making it a favorable candidate for combination therapies. It has shown synergistic effects with drugs like bortezomib, enhancing anti-tumor activity in preclinical models. Research also explores its potential in solid tumors and neurodegenerative conditions, though oncology remains the main focus.