9-ING-41 is a potent and selective inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), primarily targeting the GSK-3β isoform. Its main application lies in oncology research, where it demonstrates strong anti-tumor activity across various cancer types, including pancreatic, brain, and hematologic malignancies. By inhibiting GSK-3, 9-ING-41 disrupts key signaling pathways involved in cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis resistance, leading to cancer cell death.

It has shown synergistic effects when combined with standard chemotherapy agents, enhancing their efficacy in preclinical models. Notably, 9-ING-41 crosses the blood-brain barrier, making it a promising candidate for treating central nervous system tumors and brain metastases. Additionally, it exhibits minimal toxicity to normal cells, suggesting a favorable therapeutic window.

Beyond oncology, research is exploring its potential in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders where GSK-3 dysregulation plays a role, such as Alzheimer’s and bipolar disorder. However, its primary development focus remains in cancer therapy, with ongoing clinical trials evaluating its safety and effectiveness in humans.