Used in fiber optics to enhance the refractive index of glass, enabling efficient transmission of light signals over long distances. Employed as a catalyst in polymerization reactions, particularly in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for plastic bottles and textiles. Applied in infrared optics, such as lenses and windows, due to its high transparency to infrared radiation. Utilized in semiconductor manufacturing as a dopant or precursor material in the creation of germanium-based electronic components. Investigated for use in certain types of solar cells to improve light absorption and energy conversion efficiency.