Widely used in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices as an electron acceptor material, especially in bulk heterojunction solar cells. It effectively transports electrons and enhances device efficiency when paired with electron donor polymers like P3HT. Its solubility in organic solvents allows for easy processing via solution-based techniques such as spin coating or inkjet printing, making it suitable for low-cost, large-area flexible solar cells. Also explored in perovskite solar cells and photodetectors due to its favorable energy level alignment and electron mobility.