Used primarily in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices as an electron acceptor material. It enhances the efficiency of solar cells when paired with electron donor polymers, enabling better charge separation and transport. Commonly applied in perovskite and bulk heterojunction solar cells due to its high electron mobility and broad light absorption in the visible and near-infrared range. Also utilized in research for flexible electronics and wearable energy devices because of its solution-processability and film-forming properties.