Used as a preservative in cosmetics, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals to prevent microbial growth. Effective against bacteria, especially in water-based formulations. Commonly found in creams, lotions, shampoos, and toothpaste. Also used in industrial applications such as water treatment and metalworking fluids to control bacterial and fungal contamination. Stable at low to neutral pH and breaks down into non-toxic byproducts under normal conditions.