Used as a proton exchange membrane in fuel cells, enabling efficient conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy by allowing selective proton transport while blocking electrons. Commonly applied in hydrogen fuel cells for vehicles and portable power systems. Also serves as a catalyst support in electrochemical devices due to its high chemical stability and strong acidity. Employed in chlor-alkali cells for industrial production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide. Utilized in sensors and electrochemical reactors for its excellent ion selectivity and durability in harsh environments. Frequently used as a coating in electrocatalysis to enhance performance and stability of electrodes.