Used as a redox mediator in enzymatic biofuel cells, enhancing electron transfer between enzymes and electrodes. Facilitates efficient bioelectrocatalysis in glucose oxidase and dehydrogenase-based systems. Employed in biosensors for detecting glucose and other metabolites due to its selective and rapid electron shuttling properties. Also applied in microbial electrochemical systems to improve current generation by promoting extracellular electron transfer in bacteria. Stable under physiological conditions, making it suitable for biomedical and bioelectronic applications.