JNJ-42153605 is primarily used in biomedical research as a potent and selective inhibitor of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), an enzyme involved in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. By inhibiting KMO, this compound modulates the production of neuroactive metabolites, reducing levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid—both associated with oxidative stress and neuronal excitotoxicity. It has been investigated for its potential therapeutic role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, where dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway contributes to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. Additionally, JNJ-42153605 has shown promise in preclinical models for improving cognitive and behavioral outcomes, making it a valuable tool compound in studies exploring immune-metabolic interactions in the central nervous system. Its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier enhances its utility in central nervous system-targeted research.