Used primarily as a mutagen in biological research to induce mutations in DNA for studying genetic functions and processes. It is effective in creating random mutations in microbial and plant genomes, aiding in the development of strains with desired traits. Additionally, it serves as a reagent in organic synthesis for introducing nitro and nitroso groups into molecules. In cancer research, it is utilized to study mutagenesis and carcinogenesis mechanisms. Its application requires careful handling due to its high reactivity and potential hazards.