Used as a key building block in the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly for constructing porous materials with high thermal and chemical stability. Its four carboxylic acid groups enable strong coordination with metal ions, facilitating the formation of robust 3D network structures. These MOFs are applied in gas storage, such as hydrogen and carbon dioxide capture, due to their high surface area and tunable pore size. Also employed in catalysis as a support for active metal sites, where the rigid biphenyl core enhances structural integrity under reaction conditions. Additionally, explored in sensing applications for detecting volatile organic compounds and in the development of proton-conductive materials for fuel cell technologies.