Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a crucial role in the pentose phosphate pathway, where it helps generate NADPH, essential for protecting cells against oxidative stress. This enzyme is particularly important in red blood cells, where it maintains the reduced state of glutathione, preventing damage from reactive oxygen species. Deficiencies in this enzyme can lead to hemolytic anemia, especially when exposed to oxidative substances like certain drugs or foods. In medical diagnostics, measuring its activity is vital for identifying enzyme deficiencies and managing related conditions. Additionally, it is used in biochemical research to study cellular metabolism and oxidative stress mechanisms.