Ponicidin is a natural diterpenoid compound primarily studied for its anti-inflammatory and potential anticancer properties. It exhibits activity against various cancer cell lines, including leukemia, breast cancer, and liver cancer, by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and disrupting DNA synthesis. Its mechanisms involve interference with cellular signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, which are crucial for tumor growth and survival. Additionally, research explores its applications in immunodeficiency conditions and viral infections due to its ability to inhibit the replication of certain viruses. As a bioactive compound from Rabdosia rubescens, ponicidin serves as a lead for developing novel chemotherapeutic and anti-inflammatory agents, though its use remains limited to preclinical studies.