Used in microbial fermentation processes to produce biofuels, organic acids, and pharmaceuticals by serving as the primary energy and carbon supply for microorganisms.

Employed in wastewater treatment to enhance biological nutrient removal, particularly in denitrification where it supports the growth of denitrifying bacteria.

Applied in agriculture as a component of soil amendments to promote beneficial microbial activity and improve soil health.

Utilized in bioremediation to stimulate the degradation of contaminants like hydrocarbons and chlorinated compounds by indigenous microbes.

Serves as a feedstock in the production of bioplastics and other biodegradable materials through microbial synthesis.