Used as a crosslinking agent in water-based coatings and adhesives to improve water resistance and durability. Enhances film formation in latex paints and provides better adhesion to substrates. Commonly applied in textile treatments to increase dye fixation and wash fastness. Acts as a stabilizer in ceramic slurries and helps in the production of zirconia-based materials. Also utilized in leather finishing to improve abrasion resistance and surface smoothness.