Widely used in organic electronics due to its high electrical conductivity and optical transparency when combined with polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). Commonly applied as a transparent conductive layer in touchscreens, OLEDs, and solar cells. Serves as an effective hole-transport layer in organic photovoltaics and perovskite solar cells, improving device efficiency and stability. Used in antistatic coatings for photographic films and electronic displays. Employed in electrochromic devices, such as smart windows, due to its reversible color change upon electrical stimulation. Applied in biosensors and neural interfaces for its biocompatibility and efficient charge transport. Also utilized in supercapacitors and printed electronics for flexible and wearable technology.