Widely used in electronic and optoelectronic devices due to its high electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Commonly applied as a transparent conductive layer in organic solar cells, OLEDs, and touch screens. Serves as a hole injection layer in organic semiconductors, improving device efficiency and stability. Used in antistatic coatings for photographic films, electronic displays, and packaging materials. Employed in biosensors and neural interfaces because of its biocompatibility and ability to conduct both ions and electrons. Also utilized in supercapacitors and electrochromic devices for energy storage and smart windows.