Widely used in electronic and optoelectronic applications due to its high electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Commonly applied as a transparent conductive layer in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), solar cells, and touch screens. Serves as a hole injection layer to improve device efficiency and stability. Used in antistatic coatings for photographic films, display devices, and electronic packaging. Applied in biosensors and electrochemical sensors for its biocompatibility and efficient charge transport. Also utilized in supercapacitors and flexible electronics due to its mechanical flexibility and stable performance under bending.