Widely used in electronic and optoelectronic devices due to its high electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Commonly applied as a transparent conductive layer in touch screens, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and solar cells. Serves as a hole injection layer in organic semiconductors, improving device efficiency and stability. Used in antistatic coatings for photographic films, electronic displays, and packaging materials. Employed in biosensors and neural interfaces because of its biocompatibility and ability to conduct both ions and electrons. Also utilized in supercapacitors and electrochromic devices due to its fast redox switching and high charge storage capacity.