Used as a charge-transfer complex former in organic semiconductors and thin-film electronics. Acts as a p-type dopant in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) due to its ability to oxidize conjugated polymers, enhancing hole conductivity. Employed in the development of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) to improve charge separation and transport. Also utilized in research for electrochromic devices and conductive coatings because of its redox activity and film-forming properties.