Used primarily in the treatment of depression, particularly in cases where other antidepressants have not been effective. It functions by increasing the levels of norepinephrine in the brain, which helps improve mood and energy. Also utilized off-label for conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), neuropathic pain, and certain types of chronic pain due to its effect on nerve signaling. Sometimes prescribed for nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) in children when psychological approaches fail, though this use is less common today. Its role in research includes studying neurotransmitter reuptake mechanisms and neuronal activity in psychiatric disorders.