Used primarily as an anticonvulsant medication to control tonic-clonic and complex partial seizures. It works by stabilizing neuronal membranes and reducing seizure activity through modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels in the brain. Also utilized in the management of certain cardiac arrhythmias due to its ability to prolong the inactivation state of sodium channels in cardiac tissue. In research settings, it serves as a reference compound in neuropharmacology studies and in the development of seizure models. Occasionally used off-label for neuropathic pain and certain movement disorders. Its sodium salt form enhances water solubility, making it suitable for intravenous administration in emergency seizure situations.