Used primarily as an antidepressant in the treatment of major depressive disorder. It functions by modulating neurotransmitters in the brain, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin, helping to improve mood and emotional well-being. Though less commonly prescribed today due to the availability of newer antidepressants with fewer side effects, it remains an option for patients who do not respond to first-line treatments. It may also be used off-label for conditions such as anxiety or certain types of chronic pain. Due to its sedative properties, it can be beneficial for patients with depression accompanied by insomnia or agitation. Requires careful monitoring because of potential side effects, including cardiac effects and risk of seizures.