Widely used as a buffering agent in biochemical and molecular biology experiments, especially in buffers for DNA and RNA electrophoresis, PCR, and cell lysis. Its effective pH range matches physiological conditions, making it ideal for maintaining stable pH in enzyme reactions and cell culture systems. Also found in pharmaceutical formulations to control pH and enhance stability of active ingredients. Used in some medical applications, such as in intravenous solutions and during open-heart surgery, due to its biocompatibility and buffering capacity. Additionally, serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of surfactants, emulsifiers, and other organic compounds.