Used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions such as aldol and Michael additions. It promotes selective reductions when used with sodium borohydride in the reduction of ketones and aldehydes. Employed in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals due to its low toxicity and high efficiency. Also utilized in materials science for doping phosphors and in the preparation of cerium-containing nanomaterials. Plays a role in the desulfurization of fossil fuels and in the treatment of wastewater by aiding in the removal of contaminants.