Used as a precursor in the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles for photocatalytic applications, such as air and water purification. Commonly employed in sol-gel processes to produce thin films and coatings with self-cleaning and anti-reflective properties. Applied in the fabrication of semiconductor materials for solar cells and sensors. Also utilized in surface treatment to enhance adhesion and corrosion resistance of metal substrates. Suitable for research in catalyst development and nanomaterial synthesis.