Used as a flux in ceramic and glass manufacturing to lower melting temperatures and improve product clarity and durability. Acts as a stabilizer and opacifier in glazes, enhancing surface finish and chemical resistance. Employed in metallurgical processes for lead refining and alloy production due to its ability to form protective slag layers. Also utilized in some specialized coatings and pigments where moderate density and opacity are required. In analytical chemistry, it serves as a flux for sample preparation in X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, facilitating accurate elemental analysis.