DMEM/F-12 is a widely used basal medium in cell culture applications, consisting of a 1:1 nutrient mixture of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and Ham's F-12, supplemented with L-glutamine but without HEPES buffer. This formulation supports the growth and maintenance of a variety of mammalian cells, including primary cells and cell lines. It is particularly effective in studies involving cell proliferation, differentiation, and toxicity testing. The inclusion of L-glutamine ensures a stable energy source for cells, enhancing their metabolic activity. Its balanced formulation, which may require additional buffering due to the absence of HEPES, makes it suitable for co-culture systems and three-dimensional cell culture models. Additionally, it is often employed in stem cell research, tissue engineering, and biopharmaceutical production due to its ability to maintain cell viability and function over extended periods.