Widely used in cell culture applications, this formulation supports the growth of a variety of mammalian cells, particularly those with high metabolic demands. The high glucose content provides a sustained energy source, making it suitable for rapidly dividing cells such as hybridomas and cancer cell lines. Sodium pyruvate acts as an additional energy source and helps maintain cellular metabolism, especially in low-density cultures or when glucose utilization is limited. The absence of HEPES buffer makes it ideal for use in controlled CO₂ incubators where pH stability is maintained through bicarbonate-CO₂ equilibrium. Lack of L-glutamine allows for flexible supplementation, enabling customization based on specific cell requirements or experimental conditions. Phenol red serves as a pH indicator, providing a visual cue for medium acidity or alkalinity during culture. The low bicarbonate concentration is designed for use in 5–10% CO₂ environments, minimizing pH fluctuations. Commonly used in research involving cell proliferation, cytotoxicity assays, and protein expression, this medium is especially favored in studies requiring precise control over nutrient and buffer components.