DMEM/F12 (1:1) Medium is widely used in cell culture applications, particularly for growing a variety of mammalian cells. It is especially valuable for primary cell cultures, stem cell research, and organoid development due to its balanced nutrient composition. The medium supports the growth of both adherent and suspension cells, making it versatile for different experimental setups. Its inclusion of HEPES provides stable pH control, which is crucial for maintaining optimal cell growth conditions, especially in environments with fluctuating CO2 levels. The addition of L-Glutamine serves as an essential energy source for cells, promoting protein synthesis and cellular metabolism. Sodium pyruvate further enhances cell viability by acting as an alternative energy source and reducing oxidative stress. Phenol Red acts as a pH indicator, allowing researchers to monitor the health and condition of the culture visually. This medium is commonly employed in tissue engineering, drug screening, and toxicology studies, where reliable and consistent cell growth is essential. Its formulation also makes it suitable for co-culture systems and complex 3D cell culture models, aiding in advanced biomedical research.