Used as a conductive additive in batteries and supercapacitors to enhance electron transfer and improve energy storage efficiency. Their carboxyl groups enable better dispersion in aqueous solutions and strong interaction with metal ions, making them suitable for sensor development, especially in detecting heavy metals and biological molecules. Applied in composite materials to increase mechanical strength and thermal stability. Also utilized in water treatment systems due to their high surface area and ability to adsorb organic pollutants and contaminants. In biomedical fields, they serve as drug delivery carriers, leveraging functional groups for attaching therapeutic agents and targeting molecules.