Used to enhance mechanical strength and electrical conductivity in composite materials, especially in polymers and resins for aerospace, automotive, and electronics industries. Their hydroxyl functional groups improve dispersion in solvents and matrices, making them ideal for coatings, sensors, and conductive inks. Applied in energy storage devices like supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries due to their high surface area and electron transfer capability. Also utilized in environmental applications for adsorption of heavy metals and pollutants from water. In biomedical fields, serve as carriers for drug delivery and in biosensing due to their functional surface and nanoscale dimensions.