Used to enhance mechanical strength and electrical conductivity in composite materials, especially in polymers and resins for aerospace, automotive, and electronics industries. Their hydroxyl functional groups improve dispersion in solvents and matrices, making them ideal for coatings, sensors, and conductive inks. Applied in energy storage devices like supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries due to their high surface area and electron transfer efficiency. Also utilized in environmental applications for adsorption of heavy metals and pollutants from water. Their biocompatibility and functional surface allow use in drug delivery systems and biomedical sensing.