Used as a conductive additive in batteries and supercapacitors to enhance electron transfer and improve charge/discharge performance. Applied in composite materials to increase mechanical strength and thermal stability, particularly in automotive and aerospace industries. Employed in coatings and films for anti-static, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and corrosion resistance properties. Utilized in sensors and electronic devices, including electronic inks and flexible circuits, due to its electrical conductivity and large surface area. Also explored in water treatment and filtration systems for adsorbing pollutants and improving membrane performance, as well as in biomedical research for targeted drug delivery and bioimaging.